Elizabeth Fry (1780-1845), renewer of society
The year was 1813. As Elizabeth entered the Women’s
Cell of the Newgate Prison in England she saw a child, dead. Beside him were
two women stripping the corpse of the clothing. The clothes were then placed on
another child, who might have been five years of age.
This experience prompted Elizabeth to speak to the
prisoners from her own perspective of motherhood and in so doing gradually
brought about radical prison reform. And radical reform was needed. In Newgate
there were three hundred women prisoners with their children. The prison was
indescribably filthy. Prisoners were unclassified and unemployed. Favours, and
what money was available, brought ample quantities of liquor into the women’s
prison. In those days prisoners were treated as if they were less than
human. Hundreds died of starvation,
and of disease caused by foul air and cramped quarters. And once when a fire
broke out in an Irish gaol, fifty-four prisoners were left to perish. Men and
women, murderers, those suffering severe psychiatric disorders, debtors,
pickpockets and children were thrown together in stinking underground cellars
without light or bedding.
Elizabeth Fry grew up in a Quaker home which was not
ready for her determination, commitment and passion for the wellbeing of the
prisoners of Newgate. Her father actively tried to dissuade her. But aided by
her husband Joseph she kept an open and frugal house from which she fulfilled
her ministry. She arranged schools for the poor and the distribution of
garments, medicine and food to the destitute. And all this in addition to the
work of prison reform for which she is justly revered.
In 1817 Elizabeth founded the Association for the
Improvement of Female Prisons. The beneficial work that the Association did
soon became known right around the world. She travelled to many European
countries in the cause of prison reform. And this reform included the prison
ships that brought convicts to Australia. At her urging the colony of New South
Wales had to organize appropriate housing and work for the new arrivals.
Her work did not stop with prison reform. In the
notably severe winter of 1819/20 Elizabeth organized shelter and soup kitchens
for the homeless in London and in Brighton. Aware that some occupations, like
the Coastguard Service, could at times create idleness and boredom, she started
a library service to relieve that problem.
Some of Elizabeth’s convictions are worthy of note
even now, especially now. She protested against solitary confinement and the
darkness of prison cells. “Solitary confinement”, she said, “was too cruel even
for the greatest crimes, and sufficient to unhinge the mind.”
Elizabeth Fry died on 12 October 1845. In the words of one biographer “Elizabeth lit, in the black hell of women’s prisons in Europe, a spark that was to grow into the floodlight of reform.”
Grahame Ellis